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"Ivan Illich critiques industrial society on the grounds that industrial tools are too efficient at upsetting balances between the human being and the environment. He introduced the term "conviviality," which he defined as the "autonomous and creative intercourse among persons and the intercourse of persons with their environment: and the demands made upon them by others, and by a manmade environment." His argument is that both technologies and organizations in the modern industrial state have displaced human power and autonomy to such an extent that they bring disutilities to society as a whole...""...A favorite example is the bicycle, which increases a person's mobility without decreasing that of anyone else. The car, on the other hand, requires extensive roads which constrict the use of space by non-motorists and is, therefore, not convivial."

optimal balance

John Hirst Design Issues '96
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